This is bongo.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bongo.texi. Copyright (C) 2007 Daniel Brockman Copyright (C) 2007 Daniel Jensen Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU FDL". INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Bongo: (bongo). Play music with Emacs. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: bongo.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) The Bongo Media Player ********************** Bongo is a flexible and usable media player for GNU Emacs. This manual describes how to use Bongo and some of how to customize and extend it. Copyright (C) 2007 Daniel Brockman Copyright (C) 2007 Daniel Jensen Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU FDL". * Menu: * Introduction:: An overview of basic Bongo concepts. Using Bongo * Inserting Tracks:: Populating your buffers with media. * Playing Tracks:: Listening to audio and watching video. * Enqueuing Tracks:: Picking tracks from libraries into playlists. * Marking Tracks:: Choosing sets of tracks to operate on. * Saving and Loading:: Storing Bongo buffers in files. Advanced Topics * The P/R/M Convention:: Convention used by many Bongo commands. * Action Tracks:: Special tracks that perform actions. Hacking Bongo * Internals:: How Bongo works and how to hack it. * Writing Backends:: Telling Bongo how to use other players. Copying Bongo * GNU GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing Bongo. * GNU FDL:: The license for this documentation. Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: Basics * Tracks:: Media files, URIs, audio CDs, DVDs, etc. * Backends:: External applications used to play tracks. * Players:: External processes actually playing tracks. * Playlists:: Buffers holding tracks to be played. * Libraries:: Buffers holding entire media collections. Playback * Pausing:: Temporarily stopping playback. * Stopping:: Permanently stopping playback. * Seeking:: Rewinding or fast-forwarding tracks. * Volume:: Changing the volume of your sound card. * Switching Tracks:: Playing the next or previous track. * Playback Modes:: Choosing the order in which tracks are played. * Sprinkle Mode:: Keeping playlists populated with random tracks.  File: bongo.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Inserting Tracks, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Introduction ************** You are reading about Bongo, a flexible and usable media player for GNU Emacs. Bongo is flexible because it does not assume that you want to do things in a certain way. On the other hand, its default settings and key bindings are good and carefully thought-out. So Bongo is usable because it does not force you to come up with your own way of doing things. To open a Bongo buffer, use 'M-x bongo '. To switch between playlist and library, use the 'h' ('bongo-switch-buffers') command. There are a few different ways to go from here. * One way to use Bongo is to go to a playlist, insert some tracks, and just play those tracks in some order (*note Playing Tracks::). * Another way is to insert a lot of tracks into a library, and pick out some of them into a playlist (*note Enqueuing Tracks::). * Yet another way is to let Bongo continuously pick out fresh random tracks from the library into the playlist (*note Sprinkle Mode::). Five ideas central to Bongo are "tracks", which represent media resources; "backends", which are applications used to play media; "players", which are instances of backends; and "playlists" and "libraries", which are buffers used to organize tracks. The following sections explain these basic ideas in turn. * Menu: * Tracks:: Media files, URIs, audio CDs, DVDs, etc. * Backends:: External applications used to play tracks. * Players:: External processes actually playing tracks. * Playlists:: Buffers holding tracks to be played. * Libraries:: Buffers holding entire media collections.  File: bongo.info, Node: Tracks, Next: Backends, Up: Introduction 1.1 Tracks ========== Bongo is a media player; its job is to play things. The things that it plays are called "tracks". Bongo tracks can represent local audio and video files, remote media streams (such as internet radio stations), audio CD tracks and DVD chapters. There are even tracks that perform arbitrary actions when played (*note Action Tracks::). Such tracks may be used, for example, to force playback to stop at certain points in a playlist. To insert a local file track into a playlist or library, use 'i'. Other kinds can be inserted using 'I' (*note Inserting Tracks::).  File: bongo.info, Node: Backends, Next: Players, Prev: Tracks, Up: Introduction 1.2 Backends ============ Instead of actually attempting to decode media files to produce sound and display video, Bongo relies on external applications to do this. The applications it uses for this purpose are called "backends". The term "backend" is used loosely to refer to either an external application, or to the glue code in Bongo specific to that application, or even to both the application and the glue code seen as a whole. (This usage is quite natural and normally does not cause any confusion.) Bongo currently ships with backends for VLC, 'mpg123', 'ogg123', 'speexdec', TiMidity and MikMod. Unfortunately, only VLC and 'mpg123' support fast-forwarding and rewinding (*note Seeking::).  File: bongo.info, Node: Players, Next: Playlists, Prev: Backends, Up: Introduction 1.3 Players =========== Instances of backends (*note Backends::) are called "players" (or "backend players"). Every time a track starts playing, a new backend player is created. Multiple players may exist simultaneously. For example, while there is only one VLC _backend_, there may be multiple VLC _players_ at any given time -- each probably playing a different track. Every player has an associated process (which does the actual work of playing) and an associated buffer (from which it may be controlled). Bongo buffers designed to hold players are called "playlist buffers".  File: bongo.info, Node: Playlists, Next: Libraries, Prev: Players, Up: Introduction 1.4 Playlists ============= Playlist buffers, or simply "playlists", are buffers specifically designed to hold and control backend players (*note Players::). Playlists have a number of commands used to control playback: play the track at point (), pause/resume playback (), go to the next track ('C-c C-n'), go to the previous track ('C-c C-p'), stop playback ('C-c C-s'), and so on (*note Playing Tracks::). Some backends support fast-forwarding and rewinding (*note Seeking::).  File: bongo.info, Node: Libraries, Prev: Playlists, Up: Introduction 1.5 Libraries ============= Library buffers, or simply "libraries", are buffers specifically designed to hold tracks for convenient insertion into playlist buffers. After inserting tracks into a library (using 'i' and 'I'), you may enqueue into the nearest playlist using the 'e' command (which appends to the end of the playlist) and the 'E' command (which inserts into the playlist directly after the currently playing track). All the commands for controlling playback (*note Playlists::) are also available in library buffers, where they simply control playback in the most recently used, or "nearest", playlist buffer. Similarily, if you attempt to play a track in a library (using ), the track will be enqueued into the nearest playlist and played there instead. You may prefer to use Bongo without library buffers, simply inserting tracks directly into playlists. There is no problem with that: libraries are provided only as a convenience.  File: bongo.info, Node: Inserting Tracks, Next: Playing Tracks, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top 2 Inserting Tracks ****************** 'i' Insert a file or directory ('bongo-insert-file'). 'I' Insert one or more non-file tracks ('bongo-insert-special'). If you try to insert a directory with subdirectories, Bongo will ask whether you want to recursively insert them too. To get rid of this question, customize the variable 'bongo-insert-whole-directory-trees'. The 'I' command prompts for the type of thing to insert -- an action track, a CD, a URI, or the contents of a PLS or an M3U playlist. These special insert commands are described individually below. 'I action ' Insert an action track ('bongo-insert-action'). This command prompts for an Emacs Lisp form to be evaluated when the action track is played. *note Emacs Lisp Reference: (elisp)Top. 'I cd ' Insert one track for each audio track on the CD in the tray ('bongo-insert-cd'). If the track information is unavailable, insert a single track representing the entire disc. The customization group 'bongo-audio-cd' covers this feature. *note (emacs)Easy Customization:: 'I uri ' Insert a URI track ('bongo-insert-uri'). This commands prompts for the URI (or URL) and for an optional title. If specified, the title will be displayed instead of the URI. For most internet radio streams, leaving out the title enables the radio station to specify a title on its own. 'I playlist ' Insert the contents of a PLS or an M3U playlist file ('bongo-insert-playlist-contents'). The type of the playlist is determined by its file extension: * 'pls' for PLS playlists; * 'm3u' or 'm3u8' (forces UTF-8) for M3U playlists. While PLS files are rather complex, M3U files are simple lists of file names (one per line, except that lines starting with '#' are comments).  File: bongo.info, Node: Playing Tracks, Next: Enqueuing Tracks, Prev: Inserting Tracks, Up: Top 3 Playing Tracks **************** To play some particular track, move point to it and hit (or click on it). Doing that on a section header will just collapse the section; to play a section, use 'g' ('bongo-play'). Play the track at point. If point is on a section header, collapse or expand the section. 'g' Play the track or section at point, unless there is an active region or marking (*note Marking Tracks::). In choosing which tracks and sections to play, this command follows the prefix/region/marking (*note The P/R/M Convention::), so it may not actually always play the track or section at point. '1 g' Play the track or section at point, even if there is an active region or marking. Since libraries are not meant to play tracks, the and 'g' commands enqueue into the nearest playlist and play there instead when used in a library buffer. * Menu: * Pausing:: Temporarily stopping playback. * Stopping:: Permanently stopping playback. * Seeking:: Rewinding or fast-forwarding tracks. * Volume:: Changing the volume of your sound card. * Switching Tracks:: Playing the next or previous track. * Playback Modes:: Choosing the order in which tracks are played. * Sprinkle Mode:: Keeping playlists populated with random tracks.  File: bongo.info, Node: Pausing, Next: Stopping, Up: Playing Tracks 3.1 Pausing Playback ==================== It is often useful to temporarily pause playback without killing the backend process. The command toggles the paused state of the currently playing track. Pause or resume playback ('bongo-pause/resume'). Some backends (e.g., VLC and 'mpg123') support pausing by talking to the backend process through a pipe. For backends where this is not possible (due to lack of any such remote control facility), pausing is implemented using 'SIGTSTP' (or 'SIGSTOP') and 'SIGCONT', which forces the entire process to stop (just as 'C-z' would in a job control shell).  File: bongo.info, Node: Stopping, Next: Seeking, Prev: Pausing, Up: Playing Tracks 3.2 Stopping Playback ===================== The 'C-c C-s' command stops playback and kills the backend process. However, if nothing is being played, then 'C-c C-s' instead _starts_ playing the first track. 'C-c C-s' Start or stop playback ('bongo-start/stop'). 'C-u C-c C-s' Switch to start/stop playback mode, in which playback stops whenever any track finishes playing (*note Playback Modes::). '1 C-c C-s' Insert a stopping action track (*note Action Tracks::) immediately after the current track. ("Stop after playing this track.") '5 C-c C-s' Insert a stopping action track five tracks below the current track. ("Stop after playing these five tracks.") 'C-u C-u C-c C-s' Insert a stopping action track at point.  File: bongo.info, Node: Seeking, Next: Volume, Prev: Stopping, Up: Playing Tracks 3.3 Fast-forwarding and Rewinding ================================= Some backends support fast-forwarding and rewinding -- often referred to as "seeking" forward or backward. This allows you to skip over some part of a track or go back and play some part of it again. 'f', 'b' Fast-forward or rewind the current track 1 second (or N seconds, given a prefix argument N). 'F', 'B', 'S-', 'S-' Fast-forward or rewind 3 seconds (or 3 N seconds). 'M-F', 'M-B', 'M-S-', 'M-S-' Fast-forward or rewind 10 seconds (or 10 N seconds). 'C-M-F', 'C-M-B', 'C-M-S-', 'C-M-S-' Fast-forward or rewind 60 seconds (or N minutes). While 'C-M-B' and 'C-M-F' cannot be typed in all terminals, you may use the following commands as substitutes: '60 b', '60 f' Seek 60 seconds. 'C-u C-u C-u b', 'C-u C-u C-u f' Seek 64 seconds. To seek a specific number of seconds, give a numeric prefix argument to 'f' or 'b'. (For example, '27 f' would seek 27 seconds forward.) To seek to a specific position, use the 's' ('bongo-seek') command with a numeric prefix argument. (For example, '80 s' would jump directly to 1 minute and 20 seconds from the beginning of the track.) Giving just 'C-u' as the prefix argument to 's' will prompt for the position to seek to and allows you to say things like "1:20". Unfortunately, not all backends support seeking. Among the ones in the Bongo distribution, VLC and 'mpg123' do support it, whereas 'ogg123', 'speexdec', TiMidity and MikMod do not. 3.3.1 Seek Mode --------------- Typing 's' ('bongo-seek') without any prefix argument takes you into a special mode dedicated to seeking. In this mode, all the seeking commands work as usual, but you can drop most of the 'S-' modifiers. For example, 'S-' still works, but does the same thing. 's' Enter seek mode. Use or 'C-g' to exit. In seek mode, playback status is shown continuously in the echo area, and the following extra key bindings are available: 'a', 'e', , These are shortcuts for 'C-c C-a' ('bongo-replay-current') and 'C-c C-e' ('bongo-skip-current'). 'p', 'n', 'r' These are shortcuts for 'C-c C-p' ('bongo-play-previous'), 'C-c C-n' ('bongo-play-next'), and 'C-c C-r' ('bongo-play-random'). Seek mode uses its own command loop, so you cannot do anything other than seeking (and a handful of other things) until you quit seek mode. If you don't like this, set 'bongo-seek-electric-mode' to 'nil'.  File: bongo.info, Node: Volume, Next: Switching Tracks, Prev: Seeking, Up: Playing Tracks 3.4 Volume ========== The volume control facility is provided by the 'volume' library (1). The 'v' ('volume') command ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) http://www.brockman.se/software/volume-el/  File: bongo.info, Node: Switching Tracks, Next: Playback Modes, Prev: Volume, Up: Playing Tracks 3.5 Switching Tracks ==================== The 'C-c C-n', 'C-c C-p' and 'C-c C-r' commands are used to start playing another track (stopping any currently playing track first). 'C-c C-n' Play the next track ('bongo-play-next'). 'C-c C-p' Play the previous track ('bongo-play-previous'). 'C-c C-r' Play a random track ('bongo-play-random'). '5 C-c C-n' Skip four tracks downwards and play the one after that. '5 C-c C-p' Skip four tracks upwards and play the one before that. Though '0 C-c C-n' may be used to play the current track again, it is easier to use the 'C-c C-a' command. 'C-c C-a' Play the current track again ('bongo-replay-current'). Just as the regular 'C-a' command in Emacs has a counterpart 'C-e', so 'C-c C-a' has a counterpart 'C-c C-e'. 'C-c C-e' Skip the current track ('bongo-skip-current'). Proceed according to the current playback mode (*note Playback Modes::).  File: bongo.info, Node: Playback Modes, Next: Sprinkle Mode, Prev: Switching Tracks, Up: Playing Tracks 3.6 Playback Modes ================== Whenever a track finishes playing (or is skipped using 'C-c C-e'), normally, the next track in the playlist will be played. This is the default behavior, but it can be changed. The way Bongo chooses which track to play next is called the "playback mode". There are five built-in playback modes. Switching to one of them is easily done by giving a 'C-u' prefix argument to the corresponding playback command: 'C-u C-c C-n' In "progressive playback", the default playback mode, tracks are played in the usual top-to-bottom order. 'C-u C-c C-p' In "regressive playback", tracks are played in reverse order, bottom-to-top. 'C-u C-c C-a' In "repeating playback", the same track is played over and over. 'C-u C-c C-s' In "start/stop playback", playback is stopped after each track. For example, this is often nice when your playlist contains videos that would otherwise keep popping up, covering your Emacs frame. 'C-u C-c C-r' In "random playback", tracks are played in random order. For an alternative to random playback mode, *note Sprinkle Mode::. When a non-progressive playback mode is in effect, this is indicated in the mode line: * 'Playlist[reverse]' for regressive playback; * 'Playlist[repeat]' for repeating playback; * 'Playlist[stop]' for start/stop playback; * 'Playlist[random]' for random playback; * 'Playlist[custom]' for custom playback modes (to change this for some specific custom playback mode, put the string to be used as the indicator on the 'bongo-playback-mode-indicator' property of the symbol naming the function used for 'bongo-next-action').  File: bongo.info, Node: Sprinkle Mode, Prev: Playback Modes, Up: Playing Tracks 3.7 Sprinkle Mode =================  File: bongo.info, Node: Enqueuing Tracks, Next: Marking Tracks, Prev: Playing Tracks, Up: Top 4 Enqueuing Tracks ****************** The following commands are used to enqueue tracks into the playlist: 'e' Append a track to the end of the playlist. 'E' Insert a track into the playlist directly after the currently playing track (in order to have it played next).  File: bongo.info, Node: Marking Tracks, Next: Saving and Loading, Prev: Enqueuing Tracks, Up: Top 5 Marking Tracks ****************  File: bongo.info, Node: Saving and Loading, Next: The P/R/M Convention, Prev: Marking Tracks, Up: Top 6 Saving and Loading ********************  File: bongo.info, Node: The P/R/M Convention, Next: Action Tracks, Prev: Saving and Loading, Up: Top 7 The Prefix/Region/Marking Convention ************************************** Many Bongo commands follow a certain convention, called the P/R/M convention, which makes it possible to predict which objects a command will operate on. Normally, a command operates on the track or section under point. However, if any tracks are marked (*note Marking Tracks::), the command operates on those instead--unless there is an active region, in which case the command operates on the tracks and sections in the region. All of this may be overridden by giving a numeric prefix argument, which tells the command how many tracks or sections to operate on, counting from point. Most commands allow negative prefix arguments for operating on tracks before point. Note that giving a prefix argument of '1' tells a command to operate on the track or section under point regardless of any marking or region that may be in effect. '&' Force the next command to use the P/R/M convention ('bongo-universal-prefix/region/marking-object-command'). 'M-&' Force the next command to use the P/R/M convention, but to operate only on tracks--never on sections ('bongo-universal-prefix/region/marking-track-command').  File: bongo.info, Node: Action Tracks, Next: Internals, Prev: The P/R/M Convention, Up: Top 8 Action Tracks ***************  File: bongo.info, Node: Internals, Next: Writing Backends, Prev: Action Tracks, Up: Top 9 Internals ***********  File: bongo.info, Node: Writing Backends, Next: GNU GPL, Prev: Internals, Up: Top 10 Writing Backends ******************* The predefined backends support commonly used media files and players. To use other programs with Bongo, you can define your own custom backends. This involves some Emacs Lisp, but simple non-interactive backends are easy to define. *Note Emacs Lisp Reference: (elisp)Top, for help with writing Lisp. As an example, here is a minimal backend for displaying PostScript and PDF files with Evince, a GNOME document viewer. We don't need interactive controls for Evince; we only want to launch it. (eval-after-load 'bongo '(define-bongo-backend evince :matcher '(local-file "ps" "pdf"))) 'define-bongo-backend' is used to define backends. The definition is wrapped inside an 'eval-after-load' form so that it will execute after Bongo has loaded. You don't need this if you load Bongo at startup, but it will work in both cases. The first argument names the backend. As a side effect, it also defines the executable file 'evince' to be used with the backend. In most cases, this default behavior is fine. If you want to customize the invocation of Evince, use 'M-x customize-group bongo-evince '. The 'define-bongo-backend' macro automatically defines customizable options for this. The second argument, the keyword ':matcher', and the third argument define a matcher for the backend. Files with suffixes 'ps' and 'pdf' can now be inserted in Bongo buffers, and Bongo will select the new backend to display them. The Evince backend is now ready for use. For information on how to write more advanced backend definitions, refer to the description of 'define-bongo-backend' below. Examples can be found in 'bongo.el'. -- Macro: define-bongo-backend name [keyword value]... Defines a new backend named NAME. More specifically, defines variables used by the backend, a constructor function that will be invoked to play tracks with the backend and optionally matchers and translators for the backend. The default definitions can be overridden with keyword arguments. The NAME argument is not evaluated. 'define-bongo-backend' accepts the following optional keywords: ':pretty-name STRING' The name used to described the backend to the user. The default is to use NAME. ':matcher MATCHER' A backend matcher expression. This keyword can be supplied multiple times, specifying multiple matchers. There is no default matcher. ':file-name-transformer EXPRESSION' A file name transformer for the backend, to be used by 'bongo-transform-file-name' to manipulate file names. This keyword can be supplied multiple times, specifying multiple transformers. There is no default file name transformer. ':program-name STRING' The file name of the executable program for the backend. The default is the symbol-name of NAME. ':program-name-variable VARIABLE' The variable specifying the backend executable. The default defines a variable 'bongo-NAME-program-name', bound to the value of PROGRAM-NAME. ':program-arguments LIST' A list of program arguments, to be processed by 'bongo-evaluate-program-arguments'. The default is '(EXTRA-PROGRAM-ARGUMENTS-VARIABLE bongo-extra-arguments bongo-file-name)'. ':extra-program-arguments-variable VARIABLE-NAME' The name of the variable specifying extra command line arguments to pass to the program. This variable will be defined with 'defcustom', if its name is mentioned in PROGRAM-ARGUMENTS. The default defines a variable 'bongo-NAME-extra-arguments'. ':extra-program-arguments LIST' The initial value for the EXTRA-PROGRAM-ARGUMENTS-VARIABLE variable. The default is 'nil'. ':constructor FUNCTION' The function that will create and invoke the backend player. It must be a function of two arguments, a file name and a list of extra arguments. It shall return a player, represented by a cons '(name . properties)' where 'properties' is an alist. The default defines a function 'bongo-start-NAME-player' which calls 'bongo-start-simple-player'. ':pause-signal SIGCODE' The signal used with 'signal-process' to pause the player process. The default is 'SIGSTOP'.  File: bongo.info, Node: GNU GPL, Next: GNU FDL, Prev: Writing Backends, Up: Top Appendix A GNU General Public License ************************************* Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 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However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version," you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ============================================= If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. Copyright (C) YYYY NAME OF AUTHOR This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YYYY NAME OF AUTHOR Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands 'show w' and 'show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than 'show w' and 'show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.  File: bongo.info, Node: GNU FDL, Prev: GNU GPL, Up: Top Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.2, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft," which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document," below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you." You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque." Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements," "Dedications," "Endorsements," or "History.") To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History," Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications," Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements." Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements," provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements," and any sections Entitled "Dedications." You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements," "Dedications," or "History," the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  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